Language Change Revision

                                                                                                

AO1 Select & apply a range of linguistic methods, to communicate relevant knowledge using appropriate terminology & coherent, accurate written expression	AO2 Demonstrate critical understanding of a range of concepts and issues related to the construction and analysis of meanings in spoken and written language, using knowledge of linguistic approaches	AO3 Analyse and evaluate the influence of contextual factors on the production and reception of spoken and written language, showing knowledge of the key constituents of language
Lexis and Semantics : ·         borrowed/loan words ·         compounds (grandmother, toothpaste) ·         blends  (workaholic – work + alcoholic) ·         acronyms  ·         eponyms/proprietary words (giving something name -Alois Alzheimer) ·         conversion/grammatical shift ·         pejoration/amelioration ·         broadened/narrowed ·         metaphor/hyperbole ·         semantic shift ·         archaisms/obsolete words ·         Americanisms  (diaper, takeout) Grammar: ·         syntax/word order ·         sentence structure: use of subordination and coordination. ·         dummy auxiliary ‘do’ used in negative and interrogative constructions ·         double negatives ·         inflections  (extra letters – watch and watches) ·         plurals ·         prepositions ·         pronouns – personal (thou, thee, one)relative- who, which, whom ·         verb tenses/irregular verbs/modal/auxilliary verbs ·         punctuation Pragmatics: ·         implied meanings/humour/shared knowledge/taboo language/formality/political correctness Graphology : ·         look at images/font and relate to context Discourse Structure: ·         written/spoken language and the conventions of such texts. Phonology : ·         alliteration, assonance (is the repetition of vowel sounds ·          in nearby words. It is used to reinforce the meanings of ·         words or to set the mood), rhyme, onomatopoeia, accent/dialect, ·         Received Pronunciation, assimilation (a sound becomes identical with or similar to a  neighbouring sound), omission, Estuary English, dialect levelling, Black English Orthography: ·         spelling and problems with spelling	Background theories of: ·         gender ·         power ·         technology Standardisation and Codification of language: ·         Printing Press – William Caxton 1476 ·         Dictionaries – Dr Johnson’s dictionary 1755 ·         Robert Lowth’s ‘Introduction to English Grammar’ 1762 Prescriptive/Descriptive attitudes: ·         John Humphreys - Prescriptive ·         David Crystal - Descriptive ·         Stephen Fry - Descriptive ·         Jean Aitchison: Language Web – Damp Spoon/Crumbling Castle/Infectious Disease ·         Dennis Freeborn (phonology): incorectness view/ugliness view/impreciseness view ·         Phonology : ·         Great Vowel Shift ·         convergence ·         divergence ·         Labov’s ‘Martha’s Vineyard Study’ Informalisation Worldwide Englishes: ·         bidialectalism Causes of language change: ·         history and Invasions ·         changing personal and social identity ·         influence of social groups ·         changing attitudes ·         social trends ·         new technologies ·         intellectual activities	·         Genre ·         Audience ·         Subject ·         Purpose ·         Who is the text producer/ receiver ·         What are the expectations of the text receiver? Descriptivist – set rules of language Prescriptivist – different variations